PERAN TEKNOLOGI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
Keywords:
Teknologi Dalam Pembelajaran, Teknologi Pendidikan, Pembelajaran Digital, E-Learning, Tinjauan SistematisAbstract
Integrasi teknologi dalam pendidikan telah mengalami akselerasi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, terutama didorong oleh disrupsi global akibat pandemi COVID-19. Pergeseran masif ke pembelajaran daring telah menyoroti potensi transformatif teknologi sekaligus memperjelas tantangan signifikan terkait efektivitas, ekuitas, dan implementasi. Tinjauan literatur sistematis (SLR) ini bertujuan untuk menyintesis dan mengevaluasi secara kritis bukti-bukti dari literatur akademik yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2021 dan 2024 mengenai peran teknologi dalam pembelajaran. Dengan mengikuti pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), tinjauan ini menganalisis 30 studi yang diambil dari basis data Scopus, Google Scholar, dan ScienceDirect. Temuan utama mengidentifikasi tiga tren teknologi dominan: Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence - AI) untuk personalisasi pembelajaran, Realitas Virtual (Virtual Reality - VR) untuk pengalaman imersif, dan Gamifikasi untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan. Analisis efektivitas mengungkapkan sebuah paradoks: sementara studi meta-analisis pada aplikasi spesifik (misalnya, gamifikasi dan VR) menunjukkan dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap hasil belajar, laporan kebijakan global secara konsisten menyoroti kurangnya bukti yang kuat dan tidak memihak mengenai nilai tambah teknologi pada skala sistemik. Tantangan implementasi yang persisten, yang dikategorikan sebagai hambatan urutan pertama (misalnya, infrastruktur dan biaya) dan urutan kedua (misalnya, kesiapan guru dan budaya institusional), diidentifikasi sebagai faktor utama yang menghambat realisasi potensi teknologi. Selain itu, pertimbangan etis terkait privasi data dan kesenjangan digital tetap menjadi perhatian krusial. Tinjauan ini menyimpulkan bahwa efektivitas teknologi bukanlah properti inheren, melainkan hasil dari ekosistem yang mendukung, yang menempatkan desain pedagogis, kapasitas guru, dan prinsip-prinsip etika sebagai pusatnya. Laporan ini merekomendasikan pergeseran fokus dari sekadar pengadaan input digital menuju investasi berkelanjutan pada pengembangan kapasitas manusia dan adopsi teknologi yang berbasis bukti dan berpusat pada peserta didik.
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